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Serendipity and zine-making: dispatches from the Fun Palaces front line

05 Monday Oct 2015

Posted by Dominic in Information Society

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Barbican Library, City University London, Clapham Library, Ernesto Priego, event reports, Fun Palaces, information retrieval, information society, Matt Finch, public libraries, serendipity, Stéphann Makri, user experience, zines

Over the weekend, I (and several other members of CityLIS) took part in two annual Fun Palaces events held in the Barbican Library and Clapham Library. The Fun Palaces initiative aims to, in the words of its organisers, facilitate “free, welcoming annual events combining arts and sciences, made for and with local people”. As such, it represents a wonderful opportunity for public libraries to promote themselves as community centres by hosting these events, within the ongoing repurposing of the institution itself as a dynamic social space for activities, collaboration and engagement, rather than merely a repository of physical items. This is particularly important in this country right now due to the current government’s continuing policy of austerity, which is threatening the effectiveness, and even the future, of many public libraries.

City University London was involved in organising two events this year, both of which were guided by professional public events creator Matt Finch. The first, which I helped out with during the morning at the Barbican, was a guide to serendipity in the library run by Stephann Makri, who specialises in Human-Computer Interaction; the second, held in Clapham and to which I defected after lunch, was a zine-making workshop led by the already oft-mentioned Ernesto Priego, whose research interests include the relevant areas comics and publishing.

Dr Makri’s research into serendipity is rooted in the age-old library (amongst others…) problem of how to effectively retrieve information. He and other academics have noted that library users often find information serendipitously—by chance, with a positive outcome—due to the simple fact that it exists in a physical form and must be laid out in a physical space. This means that a person looking for a specific book will see other books whilst navigating the library shelves, and will be able to form connections easily between them and their initial area of interest. By contrast, electronic information retrieval relies on ever more-precise algorithms to return only the most specific results; the overwhelmingly vast majority of electronic, online documents remaining invisible unless specifically searched for, hence reducing the possibility for serendipity.

The serendipity event involved Dr Makri giving a short presentation on the subject to the participants (as with all the Fun Palaces events, willing members of the public who were visiting the library), followed by a practical exercise in utilising various “serendipity strategies” to find new and interesting books on the library shelves. The subjects carried this out with aplomb, finding books that interested them in new areas of the library that they had not previously thought to explore, and also contributing their own techniques which they already used to encourage serendipity (even if they were previously unaware of it as a subject of serious academic research) to the project’s bank of data.

The second workshop, in Clapham, was completely different but no less related to issues affecting libraries. Under the leadership of Dr Priego, we encouraged children to make their own “zines” (short for fanzines)—a self-made publication collated from repurposed texts and images on a subject of the creator’s interest. To facilitate this, we provided a stack of recent newspapers to cut up and reassemble, in addition to access to the Internet, from which further items of interest could be printed. The finished zines were then photocopied using library facilities to encourage further dissemination.

@LudiPrice @citylis @domallsmi @LamLibsFP The end result was a doozy pic.twitter.com/yfIOOwyT2R

— Matt Finch (@DrMattFinch) October 4, 2015

The subjects of the zines made by the participating children included Chelsea F.C., information technology and luxury houses. The CityLIS people helping to run the event also made their own examples; mine was on the subject of cars and motorsport (above). The experience reminded me not only of my own childhood of undertaking similar projects, but more generally of a time before ubiquitous access to and use of the Web, when the creation and exchange of fan-made content had to be carried out without the benefit of computer programmes or social networks.

All in all, the Fun Palaces events made for an interesting and rewarding Saturday. After a year spent studying the theories, technologies and issues surrounding library science in a classroom environment, and working in an academic library, it was particularly beneficial for me to spend the day experiencing life in two public libraries, and how the subjects we have studied can have considerable practical significance in the real world.

#citymash: a report on a library and technology unconference at City University London

14 Sunday Jun 2015

Posted by Dominic in Information Technology

≈ 1 Comment

Tags

Analogue Internet, Andrew Preater, City University London, citymash, Daniel van Strien, event reports, fan studies, folksonomy, FOSS, grounded theory, Imperial College London, information architecture, information behaviour, information futurology, information history, information organisation, information technology, James Atkinson, Karine Larose, Kuali Ole, Library Management Systems, library OPACs, LibraryThing, Ludi Price, Markdown, markup languages, Memex, Mundaneum, Pandoc, Paul Otlet, School of Oriental and African Studies, Simon Barron, text filetypes, typography, user experience, Vannevar Bush

Yesterday I attended the inaugural #citymash, a “Mashed Library unconference event” on various issues associated with libraries and technology at City University London. The event took place over a full day, with five slots featuring a choice of lectures, demonstrations and discussion sessions. I enjoyed the day immensely, and I feel that I gained new knowledge from each session that I attended. Perhaps what was most impressive was that some of them were led by my Library or Information Science coursemates, in addition to research students, academics and professional librarians. What follows is a brief review of each of the sessions that I attended.


UX for the WIN! (Andrew Preater and Karine Larose) Andrew and Karine, who both work at Imperial College London, gave a presentation on an ongoing project to improve the user experience (UX) of their library’s Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC).  Imperial uses Primo, a widely-adopted discovery tool produced by Ex Libris, a company that specialises in library technology.  For this project, they conducted interviews of a sample of Imperial students, and used the principles of grounded theory to undertake open coding of the transcipts (supported by video recordings and screen captures of user interaction with the catalogue), in order to identify underlying and pertinent themes. The results of the research have indicated (unsurprisingly) that students prefer a library catalogue searching experience that is as quick and as “painless” (for example, that typographical errors are recognised and corrected, instead of returning no results) as possible, and that users prioritise information when selecting results from a multitude of options. The library team at Imperial are therefore redeveloping their OPAC over the summer to include an auto-complete function within the search bar, and to simplify its overall presentation. In the second half of the session, we were given the opportunity to put what we had been told into practice ourselves by listening to two of the student interviews and attempting our own open coding of their responses.  For me, what emerged was that although the two students selected were extremely different in many ways in terms of an overall search strategy, their underlying information needs remained the same, and accommodating a wide range of user preferences whilst retaining a simple, elegant front-end design must be a major challenge for any systems librarian.

Further resources:

  • “UX for the win!” at #CityMash: how we did open coding of qualitative research data—Andrew goes into detail about the research methodology of grounded theory.

"UX for the win!" at #CityMash: how we did grounded theory coding of qualitative research data from Andrew Preater

Using Markdown and plain text (Daniel van Strien) For the second session of the event, my coursemate Daniel van Strien gave a presentation on text file formats—proprietary, plain and FOSS (free and open-source software). In day-to-day life, most people (including librarians) will probably use a proprietary file type such as a Microsoft Word document (doc) for word processing and text entry. The problem with these is that they are heavily encoded, and that the nature of the encoding tends to be altered with each new release of Microsoft Office, giving rise to the unwelcome situation whereby a old Word file that has not been opened for many years will become unopenable, as the encoding used to display it correctly rapidly becomes incompatible with later versions of the same programme. This problem can be avoided using plain text within an application such as Notepad, but then the text cannot be formatted at all, making it unsuitable for all but the most basic of uses. Forms of text encoding which are directly visible to the user, such as HTML and LaTeX, are more open to advanced typesetting and formatting, but are often too complicated for quick, general use. Daniel argued that we need documents that are sustainable, portable, translatable, human-readable, and gives the user version control, before presenting Markdown, developed by John Gruber with assistance from Aaron Swartz, as a potential solution. Markdown is a syntax for formatting plain text and also a software tool that automatically converts the formatted plain text into HTML, as the Dillinger Markdown online editor demonstrates. It is relatively simple to learn, yet allows for a range of formatting and typesetting options. When combined with a powerful conversion tool such as Pandoc, this allows the Markdown text file to be automatically converted into a huge variety of formats, including doc, pdf, epub, and LaTeX, potentially saving the time of people such as academic journal editors, who often receive submitted articles in one format and have to convert them manually into another. This session was particularly interesting to me as it highlighted a potential area of technical librarianship of which I was previously unaware. Further resources:

  • Using Markdown and plain text—Daniel’s notes on his presentation

What about the Future? (James Atkinson) My third session of the day saw James Atkinson, another coursemate (and colleague at City University’s library), deliver a presentation on the futurology of the book and of libraries in general. As he covered such topics as Paul Otlet and the Memex, I even had a slight feeling of déjà-vu! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hSyfZkVgasI Aside from a slightly different perspective on some familiar topics, James also went further back in time to discuss “The Victorian Walkman”, sharing a number of contemporary suggestions (many of them quite humorous) for what the recently-invented phonograph would be used for in the far-off days of the twentieth century. Going back further still, it is worth remembering that the book itself (codex) was also once a new technology that replaced the previous scroll format. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQHX-SjgQvQ For me, the highlight of the session was our division into groups to discuss our own thoughts on what could happen to libraries and information provision in the future. This produced a variety of stimulating responses, although many of them did tend towards the stranger areas of dystopian science-fiction! https://twitter.com/rddave/status/609722231812411392


Open-source implementation (Simon Barron) My choice for fourth session of the day was hosted by Simon Barron, an Analyst Programmer for the SOAS Library, which has recently made waves in the LIS world by becoming only the third university in the world (and the first in the United Kingdom) to implement an open-source Library Management System (LMS): Kuali OLE (Open Library Environment). He gave a detailed overview of how the system had been implemented, followed by the adrenaline-fuelled thrill of a live demo (as he joked on a number of occasions, “what could possibly go wrong?”). As the appearance system’s front-end OPAC implies, Kuali OLE has the same functionality as any proprietary LMS, but without the cost. Simon made the point, however, that choosing an open-source system was not due to cost savings, as the money saved was reinvested in hiring highly-skilled IT staff who could implement it well. I must admit that, with my arts and humanities background, most of the technical material in this session went over my head, but it was interesting to see the back-end of a LMS, going beyond the parts which I normally have access to as a library employee.


NSFW: Fanworks in the library (Ludi Price) My #citymash experience ended with a talk by City University PhD student, Ludi Price, on the information behaviour of fan communities, and how the lessons learned from researching these communities could influence library practices. She showed us fan-fiction websites such as Archive of Our Own to indicate that the dedicated fans of books, films, TV shows, games and so on who write their own creative works in the “universe” of the original are extremely organised, using highly granular levels of category to create a folksonomy—a collaborative creation and maintenance of tags to categorise content. Moreover, repositories of fan fiction habitually display statistics indicating how many times a particular work has been read, downloaded, voted on etc.—the equivalent of a library catalogue publicly displaying its circulation statistics for each item, and allowing users to rate and comment on every bibliographic record. Indeed, many public libraries now feature ratings, recommendations and reviews in their own catalogue records, and the “world’s largest book club”, LibraryThing is a social media platform based on the same principles.


As should be clear from these summaries, the sessions were diverse in nature, covering technical, historical, social and conceptual themes. The other sessions that took place during the event were as follows:

  • Collect and Archive Twitter Data (Ernesto Priego)
  • Open Refine (Owen Stephens)
  • Death and burlesque (Matt Finch)
  • The 3D printing lab at the Bodleian (Oliver Bridle)
  • So you want to be a systems librarian? (Binni Brynolf)
  • Setting up and managing RSS feeds (Paul Pedley)
  • Storytelling, interactive fiction & games (Gary Green)—blog post
  • The Maker Cart (Carlos Iszak)

If you go down to the library today, you’re in for a big surprise

12 Sunday Apr 2015

Posted by Dominic in Information Society

≈ 2 Comments

Tags

Aby Warburg, British Library, British Library Labs, data manipulation, data mining, datasets, disruptive innovation, Flickr, Fun Palaces, information society, James Baker, LAPIS, libraries in society, library OPACs, Matt Finch, public libraries, social media, text analysis, Tumblr, Twitter, user experience, Warburg Institute

The ninth and penultimate LAPIS lecture of term featured guest lectures by Matt Finch, a writer and content producer who has developed immersive play experiences for libraries, and James Baker, a curator of digital research at the British Library. These lectures both centred on the challenges facing libraries—in particular public libraries—today that result from the myriad changes in publishing that we have discussed in previous lectures. In short, the transition to a digitised, automated model of publishing content that can be accessed from (almost) anywhere via the Internet threatens to make the traditional physical library irrelevant, as potential users can simply find the information they seek online from within the comfort of their own homes.

Dr Finch approached this problem from the perspective of re-inventing the public library as a community hub, which encourages users of all ages to explore and learn on their own terms. Examples of this type of activity in which he has been involved include using “comic-book dice” to facilitate storytelling games for children, and staging live-action events such as a staged zombie invasion of the Tullamore Public Library in Australia. At first glance, these projects may appear somewhat frivolous, especially when run in collaboration with initiatives with names such as Fun Palaces, but they achieve measurable positive results in terms of both publicity for the public library service as a whole, and a sustained increase in user-based metrics, without any increase in expenditure. These activities also rely upon the library as a physical entity, thus providing justification for its continuing existence.

Nevertheless, the general public can be hard to convince: for instance, the comments on an article on the opening of a new central public library in Christchurch, New Zealand reveal a sharp divide between those who agree with the ideal of the library as a multi-purpose and multimedia community facility, and those who believe that anything beyond a repository of books and some reading rooms for silent study is a waste of public money. Yet more traditional areas of LIS research also support the first view: for instance, much work has been carried out into the effects of serendipity on information retrieval (or, in everyday terms, how browsing for information can produce interesting and unexpected results deriving from the layout of physical books, whether in a library or bookshop—how often have you gone looking for a particular book, only to emerge with another that happened to catch your eye?), how some libraries such as that attached to the Warburg Institute has tried to maximise this effect with an extremely idiosyncratic in-house classification scheme, and how it is difficult to create the same atmosphere using an online search engine or library OPAC. Furthermore, the role of libraries as valued community centres has been well-documented during social crises, such as in Ferguson last year following the police shooting of Michael Brown, and in the already-mentioned Christchurch following the devastating earthquakes in 2011. The recognised importance of the public library in society is officially enshrined in the UNESCO Public Library Manifesto.

Dr Baker’s lecture focussed on the changing nature of library collections and services in the digital age, and covered some of the same areas that we explored last term in the DITA module, such as text analysis and data mining. He also emphasised the British Library’s role in(and legal responsibility for, under recently-revised British legal deposit law) collecting webpages for the UK Web Archive, and the importance of curating and sharing datasets, such as this one relating to the British Library’s Flickr stream. Yet these responsibilities can also manifest themselves in fun and creative ways as the British Library Labs work on projects to maximise the accessibility of the institution’s digital collections: examples include the Mechanical Curator, an automated Twitter and Tumblr account that sequentially posts images from a digitised corpus of texts, PicaGuess, a crowdsourcing app designed to create metadata for similar images by identifying their defining characteristics, and even an art installation by David Normal at the Burning Man Festival in 2014. These developments all help to foster community engagement with the British Library (which, let us not forget, is also a public library—just a particularly large one) and justify its place in society.

Thus, although the changing face of publishing and technology has challenged the traditional role of the public library, measures undertaken to facilitate community engagement, whether through innovative events, the promotion of resources through social media, and the training of librarians in such skills as how to handle large datasets, are keeping them relevant. The tools and technology used to seek information, and aspects of the information itself, may have changed, but the average user will still be appreciative of a professional to help guide them through the information-seeking process—and if this process can take place in a pleasant, creative environment in the heart of the local community, then that is even better!

Ebony and ivory, in perfect harmony on my computer screen

11 Saturday Oct 2014

Posted by Dominic in Information Architecture

≈ 6 Comments

Tags

colour theory, DITA, information architecture, library OPACs, text readability, user experience, website design

First of all, my apologies to Paul McCartney!

One of the decisions I had to make when setting up this blog was what colours I should use. As I am not a paying user of WordPress, I am somewhat limited in what I can do, as the full adjustment of colours tool is part of an optional, paid upgrade to which I have no interest in subscribing. However, my chosen (free) blog theme—Chateau—does offer the choice between a “light” and a “dark” colour theme. I instinctively chose the dark theme, because I thought that it would be more aesthetically pleasing in combination with my space-themed heading image (a subject about which I posted previously), and because I dimly recalled reading the FAQ of a website, also featuring white text on a black background (WTBB), which claimed that this colour combination was easier to read and required the display apparatus to use less power.

However, after further consideration, I decided to do some further research, in order to see if this claim (and my memory) was in fact accurate. I soon found a blog post by Joe Dolson, a web designer, which summarises the issues of text readability (including several relevant studies), and an academic conference article by Richard H. Hall and Patrick Hanna on the relationship between text and background colours and its effects on a number of different user factors.

The information from these two sources makes for interesting reading. Dolson links to a survey carried out by Dr Lauren Scharff and Alyson Hill, which concludes that website designs featuring the colours black and white are generally more readable than when other colours are introduced, due to the high contrast between these colours. Unfortunately for me, WTBB did not score as highly as its inverse, black text on a white background (BTWB). The second study, carried out by Chris Ridpath, Jutta Treviranus and Patrice L. (Tamar) Weiss at the Adaptive Technology Resource Centre of the University of Toronto, was also worrying, as its results suggest that webpage readability improves when a “brightness difference” exists between the text and the background. If you compare the brightness of the white used for the standard text of the blog compared to the brighter shade used for hyperlinks, you should notice that the default shade of white is fairly dim. However, the default shade of black used for the background is also lacking in intensity (the shade of black used for the comments boxes and the footer area is significantly darker).  Had I made a terrible mistake?

In despair, I turned to the study conducted by Hall and Hanna.  This experiment not only concerns itself with text readability, but also several other factors, namely retention, aesthetics, and behavioural intention.  Whilst retention and behavioural intention do not produce any meaningful statistical differences, WTBB predictably comes out ahead once more in terms of readability, and also for ease of studying and the perception of professionalism.  However, BTWB edges in front in the crucial aesthetic battlegrounds of producing a “pleasing” and “stimulating” effect.  I was particularly encouraged by this sentence from the concluding remarks:

Users rate more traditional, and subtler color combinations as the most readable, and rate these more subtle colors as more pleasing and stimulating.

As my blog is not intended to be an exemplar of rigorous, professional academic work, and instead rather more of an informal place for reflection and discussion of LIS issues, this sounded perfect, particularly as the word “subtle” could easily apply to the dimmer, paler shades of white and black that predominate.

Whilst my chosen colour scheme may then indeed be suitable for this blog, the information that I had found out intrigued me, particularly in regard to how it could apply to libraries. My previous experience of libraries online has mostly been using academic Online Public Access Catalogues (OPACs), so I decided to take a quick tour of some UK university library homepages in order to make a note of their various colour schemes, starting with those with which I already had a personal connection.

    1. City University London (who else?): white background, black text, complementary colours: red, purple (in the logo), light and dark grey.
    2. University of Cambridge (my undergraduate university): white background, black text, complementary colours: light blue, teal, dark blue, pale light blue, pale orange, green.
    3. Durham University (my former employer): white background, black text, complementary colours: purple, pale purple, pale blue, black, green.

I decided to continue by going through the Russell Group, as a manageable and representative sample of British universities:

  1. University of Birmingham: light blue and white background, black text, complementary colours: green, purple, grey.
  2. University of Bristol: white background, black text, complementary colours: blue, light blue, beige, deep red.
  3. Cardiff University: white background, black text, complementary colours: blue, light blue, turquoise, deep red.
  4. University of Edinburgh: white background, black text, complementary colours: blue, red, grey.
  5. University of Exeter: white background, black text, complementary colours: orange, deep blue, light blue, turquoise, grey.
  6. University of Glasgow: white background, black text, complementary colours: three shades of blue, two grey.
  7. Imperial College London: white background, black text, complementary colours: dark blue, blue, teal, bright blue, orange, grey (gradient), beige.
  8. King’s College London: white background, black text, complementary colours: dark grey, light grey, teal, pink, pale red, green.
  9. University of Leeds: white background, black and grey text, complementary colours: dark grey, light grey, green, orange, light blue, yellow.
  10. University of Liverpool: white and light blue-grey background, black text, complementary colours: dark blue, pale blue, bright blue, purple, dark purple, lime green, dark green, dark red.
  11. London School of Economics and Political Science: white background, black text, complementary colours: black, red, grey, light grey, light pale blue.
  12. University of Manchester: white background, black text, complementary colours: purple, orange, pink, light grey.
  13. Newcastle University: white background, black text, complementary colours: dark blue, light blue, pale red, brown, green, pink, dark grey.
  14. University of Nottingham: white background, black and grey text, complementary colours: dark blue, turquoise, dark grey, light grey.
  15. University of Oxford: white background, black text, complementary colours: dark blue, pale light blue, dark grey, pale grey.
  16. Queen Mary, University of London: white background, black text, complementary colours: pale blue, light pale blue, dark grey, light grey.
  17. Queen’s University Belfast: white background, black text, complementary colours: dark grey, light grey, dark blue, indigo.
  18. University of Sheffield: white background, black text, complementary colours: black, dark grey, light grey, blue, light blue.
  19. University of Southampton: white background, black text, complementary colours: blue, dark blue, light blue, teal, dark grey, grey.
  20. University College London: white background, black text, complementary colours: black, blue, light blue, red.
  21. University of Warwick: greyscale image background, black text, complementary colours: black, dark grey, light grey, dark blue, blue, teal, purple, beige.
  22. University of York: white background, black text, complementary colours: purple, dark grey, grey, light grey.

It is clear to see the common feature of WBBT—according to the cited studies, the libraries are all aiming for professionalism and easy user readability access. Many of the websites do use BTWB, but only within limited areas, for example in a box format, on their main pages. Another predictable feature is that many of the websites’ complementary colours are determined by the traditional or symbolic colours of the university; it’s no surprise that the Cambridge and Oxford University Library websites both make extensive use of blue, but with different shades. The other complementary colours also seem to follow Hall and Hanna’s conclusion that subtle combinations of colours result in a pleasing aesthetic experience: many websites use multiple shades of the same colour (and the same colours, such as blue and grey, appear again and again), or make limited use unusual colours for emphasis. I noticed, for instance, that several websites used a certain colour for the catalogue search bar that was not repeated anywhere else on the main page. What is perhaps surprising is that several websites featured colour clashes that I for one found jarring: Exeter is a good example, with a split between bright blue and bright orange in the first instance, but also the use of at least three different shades of blue in discrete boxes on the same page, which is then exacerbated by the presence of several social media logos which also use various shades of the same colour.

If anyone does have feedback regarding the colour palette of my blog, please let me know!

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